Cyclotides are small cyclic peptides found in Clitoria ternatea. Their biological activity appears to involve interaction with cell membranes rather than a highly specific molecular receptor. That distinction matters.

A receptor-mediated mechanism can potentially act at very low concentrations if the right molecular target is present. A membrane-mediated mechanism is different: biological effect depends on sufficient exposure, membrane susceptibility and concentration.

This helps explain an important observation with cyclotides. Insects appear to be more susceptible because the relevant membrane environment is more favourable to cyclotide interaction, while mammalian membranes appear less susceptible.

That does not mean mammalian effects are impossible. It means the risk question becomes more focused:

• Is the organism exposed?
• Is enough material systemically available?
• Are the relevant cells susceptible?
• Are adverse effects actually observed?

Mode-of-action should not be treated as a curiosity. It can fundamentally change how we frame hazard and exposure.

If you have any queries relating to the botanical biopesticide characterisation or risk assessment, our team of biopesticide regulatory experts are ready to help. Call or email and speak directly with one of our biopesticide consultants.