PFAS (Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances) encompass a broad range of synthetic chemicals containing -CF2- and/or -CF3 groups. Their applications vary widely, from low-molecular-weight refrigerants to complex structures used in medical fields and high-molecular-weight fluoropolymers found in transport and electronics. The widespread use of PFAS is attributed to their unique combination of properties, including exceptional chemical and thermal stability, water and oil repellency, and biocompatibility. However, their durability and chemical inertness also contribute to environmental concerns due to their persistence, leading to increasing regulatory pressure on manufacturers and users to limit emissions and seek alternatives. Certain PFAS, particularly perfluorocarboxylic and perfluorosulfonic acids, have been linked to toxic hazards, though these represent only a small subset of the broader PFAS category.
With over 10,000 substances falling under the PFAS definition, understanding their similarities and differences is crucial for assessing potential hazards, liabilities, and regulatory requirements while balancing their technical advantages in various applications.
PFAS Terminology & Classification
A growing body of resources is available to help readers gain a deeper understanding of PFAS types, chemistries, and associated hazards. Key references include:
Standardised PFAS Definitions
"Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in the Environment Terminology, Classification, and Origins" (Buck et al., 2011): This paper provides an overview of PFAS detected in the environment, wildlife, and humans. It discusses their origins, classification, and the importance of standardised nomenclature to facilitate clearer communication among researchers and policymakers.
OECD Report on PFAS Terminology (2021): This document builds on Buck et al. (2011) and other literature to standardise PFAS terminology and classification. It recommends:
- Establishing a precise and inclusive PFAS definition.
- Developing a systematic classification framework based on chemical properties.
- Standardising terminology to enhance clarity and reduce misunderstandings.
Both the EU and the UK have proposed distinct yet similar PFAS definitions under the Universal PFAS Restriction Proposal (2023) and the UK PFAS RMOA (2023):
PFAS Grouping Approaches
Cousins et al. (2020): This study proposes grouping PFAS based on intrinsic properties and risk assessment approaches.
PFAS Properties & Uses
PFAS are valued for their unique technical properties, making them essential in diverse applications. Their key characteristics include:
- Chemical and thermal stability: Ensures durability in extreme conditions.
- Hydrophobic and oleophobic nature: Enhances performance in coatings, textiles, and firefighting foams.
- Surfactant properties: Lowers surface tension, improving industrial processes.
Industrial & Consumer Applications
Glüge et al. (2020): This study categorises over 200 PFAS applications across 64 industrial and consumer sectors. PFAS are found in products such as cookware, firefighting foams, climbing ropes, guitar strings, artificial turf, and soil remediation products.
ECHA Review: Evaluating PFAS applications as part of the EU Universal PFAS restriction proposal.
Trade Associations
For further industry perspectives, refer to:
PFAS Persistence & Hazards
PFAS persist in the environment due to their stability. While persistence alone is not hazardous, accumulation can lead to risks, particularly with bioaccumulative PFAS such as PFOA and PFOS. Studies highlighting these concerns include:
- DeWitt et al. (2024): Examines PFAS toxicity and human health effects.
- Rudin et al. (2023): Investigates PFAS mobility and bioaccumulation.
- Cousins et al. (2020): Advocates a precautionary approach to PFAS regulation.
Regulatory & Industry Perspectives
Although PFAS manufacturers acknowledge the need for regulation, many oppose broad restrictions treating all PFAS as a single group due to chemical diversity. The 2023 EU U-PFAS consultation received over 5,600 responses, with nearly 70% from industry stakeholders.
- Spyrakis & Dragani (2023): Discusses PFAS regulatory challenges.
PFAS Regulations
PFAS regulations are among the most complex and rapidly evolving in chemical governance. Key regulatory initiatives include:
- POPs Regulation (Persistent Organic Pollutants)
- EU Universal PFAS Restriction Proposal
- EPA PFAS Guidelines
- Safer States PFAS Policies
If you'd like to discuss any matters relating to PFAS regulatory compliance, call or email and we'll arrange for you to speak with one of our PFAS experts.
